The Iranians’ understanding of the political concepts posed in Mashruteh (Constitutional) Period is a challenging issue which can help us better study Iran’s Constitutional Revolution and the grounds for its failure. Right and law are two modern political concepts which entered into this period as part of people’s claims. The Iranians’ image of the said concepts is the basic issue discussed in this study. Poetry of the Constitutional Period, with all its peculiarities, serves as the closest source to the Iranian understanding of the political concepts in the said period.

In the early days before the Constitutional revolution, the grounds were paved for humorous writing, in the modern sense of the word. After the victory of the revolution and the declaration of the freedom of the press, writing humorous pieces became very popular. Many writers began to write humorous pieces condemning the violation of the rights of the individual and the society, the ignorance of the public and the useless traditions and customs, enlightening the people in the early years of the 20th century.

In the constitutional period, when Islamic tradition and modern civilization faced each other, due to their differences, clergymen and intellectuals who were the effective social forces of the time reacted differently to it. Intellectuals were of three types: against religion; pro-religion but with stress on instrumental use of it; and pro-religion believing in compatibility of Islam and modern civilization. Clergymen were of two types: conservatives, against modernity; and constitutionalists believing in compromise between Islam and democracy. This article, using the method of qualitative content analysis, and studying the poems of seven popular poets of this period, surveys their attitudes to religion. The research reveals three main current of thought among the poets: one places religion against modernity and believes that modernization demands total removal of religion from society. Other flow believes in eliminating most religious traditions, changing their function, and emphasizes just on faith dimension of religion. The third current accepts modernization on the ground of religious traditions, and supports the change and reform to some of them just through Ijtihad. This movement stresses the preservation of religion in society.

The appearance of Safavid dynasty and its reliance on Islamic law, specially on Shiite political feqh, caused Iranian history of political thought and manner of ruling to take an new form. The founders of the dynasty, seeking for religious legality to rule based on reasonable norms and religious teachings paid attention to Shiite scholars and the scholars also made the most of their opprtunities and in this manner, a new theorization of such a view as guardianship and supervision of Faqih occurred. Some remained works of that period have recorded the situation of public law and constitutional law during 230 years of Safavid period and have formed the source of the paper. When analyzing the documents, the theory of legality and its religious principles and justification of that sovereignty in the form of kingdom and the climate of authoritarianism have been attended to.

The victory of the constitutional movement in Iran in the year 1906, in the history of democratic and political parties in the world, is considered the first of its kind in the Islamic world and Asia. But today after one century elapse of the constitutional revolution of Iran and thirty years after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, as one of the Greatest Social Revolutions in the World, there are still serious worries about the level of strong democratic foundations in the country.Without any doubt, one of the main factors for causing such worries, is the lack of strong civil and political institutions as well instability, non professional and weak organization of the political parities..It is attempted, in this article, through studying the process of political development during the constitutional period, to answer this question that why political parties in Iran were not strongly rooted and stabilized during the constitutional movement and the reason such a big uprising practically did not find its proper position in the political structure and witnessed dissolution.It is an attempt that paves the ground for further endeavors in examining and studying the performance of parties in Iran during the last hundred years.

Until the Naserid period, Iranian women clothing was different in and out of the home and was directly influenced by the common moral pattern. Changes in common patterns emerged from Iranians' familiarity with the manner of social presence as well as male and female clothing in the public sphere of western society, from the Naserid period onwards, and has had various effects over time. This process is examined in the present article to answer this question: Between which strata of society and regions of Iran did the change in the style of women's clothing during the period in question occur, and what social and cultural contexts were most effective in this regard? Based on the results of this study, it can be said that due to the increasing social presence of women, the process of fitting their clothing with the requirements of new social relations was within the framework of the ethical order and living patterns of Iranian women. But what happened later in the process of policy-making and implementation of socio-cultural programs by the government has caused ambiguity and numerous damages to this process.

One of the main teachings of Sufism is disregard for the world and the material sphere. This doctrine did not cause Sufis to give up their careers and financial resources because the basis of spiritual progress depends on meeting livelihood needs. In the centuries before Constitutional Revolution, the vocations were mainly traditional. However, these ways of providing financial resources were not solely dependent on jobs. Rulers and Fotowat associations provided financial resources for Sufis. With the beginning of Constitution and promotion of the foundations of modernism, the trend of professions and jobs changed to a great extent towards new occupations. Except for these two categories (traditional and modern), a separate account can be considered for political careers, and depending on the attitude and vision of government and the opponents of Sufism, it can be considered as one of the factors influencing this type of employment. The purpose of this research is to explain how Sufism's career process is related to the change of political and social conditions in Iran from Constitutional Revolution onward. It is assumed that the course of changes in careers of Sufis is based on the policy of tolerance and open-mindedness in the worldview of Sufism in an effort to maintain spiritual power, in which, while maintaining the traditional jobs of previous centuries such as agriculture, etc., new occupations (administrative, cultural- scientific and political) have been welcomed. This issue has influenced the thinking and intellectual foundations as well as social life of Sufis and has become aligned with other classes and social groups along with socialization process of Sufi sects. This research will investigate this hypothesis using documents, sources and historical data of the contemporary period with a descriptive-analytical method

During the constitutional period, new communication tools appeared in the Iranian press. Following the Political open space of the constitutional period; caricatures were one of the tools that were used in some newspapers and publications to criticize the political and social conditions of the society. The Azerbaijan newspaper was one of these newspapers at the Azerbaijan state that used caricatures alongside the political, social, and economic articles as a novel and efficient way of conveying criticism. The use of this new tool, in addition, to attracting the audience, successfully reflected the image of the political, social, and economic problems that were inflicted on the poor strata of the society as well. The caricatures of Azerbaijan newspaper covered different topics such as the interference of foreign countries in the internal affairs of Iran, unjust actions of the rulers with the poor people, and a new concept such as freedom and the constitution. This paper uses the content analysis method, historical insight from thoughts, approaches, outcomes, and impacts of the Azerbaijan newspaper and its caricatures on the Iranian society and the Azerbaijan state during the constitutional period. Furthermore, it is for the first time that caricatures of the Azerbaijan newspaper have been chosen as the subject of an independent study.

The society and politics of Iran during the Qajar era were sick and its treatment seemed inevitable,Therefore, many saw the solution in a profound and transformative political and social campaign. Due to such a view, the constitutional revolution commenced, which of course failed. As a result of this failure, a discourse called "archaism" was formed. The most prominent founders of it are Aref Qazvini, Mirzadeh Eshghi, Ebrahim Pordavoud, Moshfeq Kazemi, Kazemzadeh Iranshahr, Sadegh Hedayat, and Mahmoud Afshar. In their intellectual and speech acts, they emphasized the proposition that by converting to the ancient utopia, one can give a new soul to the lifeless body of Iran and the past glory of Iran could be revived. Following the many representations of this speech, archaism led to dominate over other discourses in the Pahlavi era and give a new meaning to the Iranians' lifeworld. Since the framework investigation of the "how" of the emergence of this discourse has not been included in the research agenda,Therefore, the current study tries to answer the question, "How did the discourse of post-constitutional archaism emerge? ", by using Spragens' theoretical model and "qualitative content analysis" technique. The findings show that this discourse is the result of the cognitive efforts of intellectuals and emerges from the heart of multi-layered cognitive processes-such as being aware of Iran's instabilities, recognizing their roots, searching for a utopia, and evaluating and selecting liberating solutions.

In the investigation and classification of modern Persian poetry based on the subject matter, especially from the Constitutional Period afterward, a new literary form, i. e., „ labor poetry‟ and „ labor literature‟ can be observed, the contents of which have never been specifically investigated. This paper tries to reveal the sources for the emergence of labor literature in the Constitutional Period, to depict the influence of labor ideas of the Russian Revolution on labor poetry during the Constitutional Period, and to examine and analyze their contents. Finally, it was concluded that this literary form came into existence to fulfil the rights of laborers and the oppressed, as well as to raise their awareness and help them to invite them to resist poverty and the oppression of capitalists and he ruling regime.